School funding adequacy and the courts Perhaps the most significant recent change in policy discussions about school finance has been the introduction of the court's making decisions about funding schemes. The focus of the lawsuits has been funding disparities across school districts, which, generally, have led to increased shares of funding. Yet, until recently, virtually no subsequent analysis has investigated whether student outcomes tended to be more equal after spending was equalized. Courting Failure examines the issues involved in school funding adequacy in light of recent court cases and shows that judicial actions regarding school finance—related to either equity or adequacy—have not had a beneficial effect on student performance. The expert contributors explain why low achievement is not inevitable for disadvantaged students and why school resources are not the dominant factor in whether students "beat the odds." They show that cost studies on the price of an adequate education turn out to be more politics than science. And they tell how many districts often do not spend the funds they have in the manner need. These well-researched essays reveal that simply throwing more resources at the problem has not brought about a solution—because measures of school resources do not provide guidance about either the current quality of schools or the potential for improving them. The expert contributors call for more realistic changes centered around accountability, incentives, and more informed parents and policymakers. Eric A. Hanushek is the Paul and Jean Hanna Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. He serves as a member of the Board of Directors of the National Board for Education Sciences. Contributors: Williamson M. Evers and Paul Clopton, Eric A. Hanushek, E. D. Hirsch Jr., Alfred Lindseth, Paul E. Peterson, Marguerite Roza and Paul T. Hill, Sol Stern, Herbert J. Walberg Full-text PDF versions of each chapter can be accessed below by clicking on the desired chapter title. (PDF files require Adobe Reader. If you do not already have this software installed, click here to download it for free at the Adobe web site.) Copyright ©2006 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Contributors
• Introduction
• Campaign for Fiscal Equity v. New York: The March of Folly
• The Legal Backdrop to Adequacy
• High-Poverty, High-Performance Schools, Districts, and States
• High-Spending, Low-Performing School Districts
• Thorough and Efficient Private and Public Schools
• How Can Anyone Say What’s Adequate If Nobody Knows How Money Is Spent Now?
• Science Violated: Spending Projections and the "Costing Out" of an Adequate Education
• Adequacy beyond Dollars: The Productive Use of School Time
• Funding for Performance
• Index